Is Biocatalyst like copper?
Mohideen Ibramsha
1968 Alumni of Thiagarajar College of Engineering, Madurai, TN, India
1974 intellectual son of PhD guide Prof. V.Rajaraman & Mrs. Dharma Rajaramn, CS, EE, IIT, Kanpur, UP, India
1991 First HOD of CSE, CEC [now BSAU] Chennai, TN, India
Associate Professor (Retd), Computer Science, Framingham, MA, USA
Consultant R&D, M A M College of Engineering, Trichy, TN, India
Advisor, HyDIGIT Pte Ltd, Singapore
Email: ibramsha7@yahoo.com
Introduction: In https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/09/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-8 we argued that the current business model of Electrochaea is not profitable. This analysis is presented hoping that Electrochaea would exploit their microbe in a different way leading to a successful business exploiting their microbe.
Current vision of Electrochaea: In http://www.electrochaea.com/technology/ there is a video to illustrate the action by the biocatalyst. The video is available in Youtube at
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_FE6_sPYws
We have captured the following images from the video.
This occurs at 1:14 of 2:00 of the video. The next image is
This image indicates that two Hydrogen atoms have attached to the Carbon atom and the Oxygen atom that was attached to Carbon is detached as a water molecule. This occurs at 1:19 of 2:00 of the video.
From this image occurring at 1:23 of 2:00 of the video, the conversion of the CO2 molecule to CH4 and the two Oxygen atoms released from CO2 have joined the Hydrogen molecules supplied inside the microbe.
The last image reported by us from the video indicates that the CH4 and H2O molecules have exited the microbe.
From the first screen we find that CO2 + 4H2 form the input.
The next stage is COH2 + 2H2 + H2O
The third stage is CH4 + 2H2O
The fourth shows the CH4 and 2H2O exiting at opposite sides.
However, we find
http://www.electrochaea.com/technology/
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System Design
Electrochaea is currently pursuing energy storage via a two-step power-to-gas system that uses an off-the-shelf electrolyzer to produce hydrogen. This hydrogen is then fed to a separate bioreactor containing the archaea along with carbon dioxide from a biogenic or industrial source.
The organisms are indifferent as to the source of CO2 and can use commonly available sources such as raw biogas from anaerobic digesters, fermentation off-gas from breweries and ethanol plants, and flue gas from combustion processes.
Because of the high selectivity of the archaeas, minimal post-reaction gas treatment is needed before the product gas is injected into the gas grid. Oxygen and heat are by-products from the process and can be sold in a broad range of different markets, either on-site or off-site.
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Are we to understand that the oxygen is generated during electrolysis only and that the biocatalyst process does not produce any Oxygen?
Writing the chemical equation for the actions of the biocatalyst, we get:
CO2 + 4H2 à CH4 + 2H2O. We find the same equation in https://www.gas-for-energy.com/fileadmin/G4E/pdf_Datein/g4e_4_15/gfe4_15_fb_Hafenbradl.pdf a publication by experts of Electrochaea.
There is no energy associated with CO2, but the 8 Kg of Hydrogen has a LHV of 120 x 8 = 960 MJ. The output is 16 Kg of CH4 with a LHV of 16 x 50 = 800 MJ. For every Kg of CH4 that is produced, the bio reactor produces (960 – 800)/16 = 10 MJ of heat. We assume that the difference in the energy content of the input and the output would become heat. In Steam Methane Reforming we supply the ‘heat of reaction.’ Likewise we expect that the excess energy of input would become heat.
How hot would the bioreactor be?: The height of the bioreactor is mentioned in the following link.
https://qz.com/1133123/batteries-cant-solve-the-worlds-biggest-energy-storage-problem-one-startup-has-a-solution/
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The pipes all lead to a big cylindrical bioreactor, about 10 meters (30 ft) tall, kept at 60°C (140°F) and eight times the atmospheric pressure.
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A sketch of the bioreactor is provided by Electrochaea as below.
http://www.electrochaea.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/BioCat_3D_drawing_RGBcElectrochaea_Michael_Rogge.jpg
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From the above sketch, it appears that the diameter is 1 meter.
The surface area of a cylinder with a diameter of 1 meter and height of 10 meters is 31.4159 sq meters. The heat radiated by a 60 C surface is P = σ A T4 where σ is 5.670373 10-8 W m-2 K-4 where T is 333 K, and A is the surface area. With A as 31.4159 sq meters, P = 5.670373 x 10-8 x 31.4159 x 3334 = 21,904.738 W. The equation and the constants are taken from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_radiation .
With 50 MJ as LHV, for 1 MJ we produce 0.02 Kg per second. The heat to be dissipated is 10 x 0.02 MJ = 0.2 MJ = 200 KJ. We are dissipating slightly less than just 22 KJ.
There is some disconnect between the chemical equation and the fact that the biocatalyst works at 60 C only.
Did the Electrochaea experts use the equation just to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
Second Law of Thermodynamics: Unfortunately there does not seem to be a clear definition of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. We quote a few hoping that after reading the quotes we understand the law.
https://www.livescience.com/50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html
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“There are a number of ways to state the Second Law," he said. "At a very microscopic level, it simply says that if you have a system that is isolated, any natural process in that system progresses in the direction of increasing disorder, or entropy, of the system.”
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To our knowledge there is no proof of the Second Law of Thermodynamics. As a simpleton, one might think that making crystals violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics because a crystal is more ordered than the solution from which the crystal is withdrawn slowly. We are wrong.
https://www.livescience.com/50941-second-law-thermodynamics.html
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Mitra explained that all processes result in an increase in entropy. Even when order is increased in a specific location, for example by the self-assembly of molecules to form a living organism, when you take the entire system including the environment into account, there is always a net increase in entropy. In another example, crystals can form from a salt solution as the water is evaporated. Crystals are more orderly than salt molecules in solution; however, vaporized water is much more disorderly than liquid water. The process taken as a whole results in a net increase in disorder.
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What happens if some computer programmer simulates the whole system of making a crystal using a vacuum pump to collect the evaporating water that gets condensed and stored as water elsewhere? Possibly the scope of the Second Law of Thermodynamics would be expanded to the whole Universe. Such an argument would immediately pit the scientists against some religious persons who might claim that God created the universe from nothing!
Consequences of the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Some researchers claim that special arrangements of magnets permit a wheel to turn continuously thus producing perpetual motion. We find that the Second Law of Thermodynamics outlaws perpetual motion. We quote:
http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/2nd_Law.html
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"You can't have perpetual motion machines" we say, because some energy in every process becomes low-grade and useless. You have to keep adding fresh concentrated energy from outside the machine, or the machine will eventually come to a stop.
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Another consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics is that there is no free energy. On April 7, 2015 the Economic Times of India reported about a demonstration of energy from the vacuum.
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/bengaluru-innovator-creates-super-high-efficiency-machine-that-produces-power-from-vacuum/articleshow/46832793.cms
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BENGALURU: After toiling on it for nearly half his life, 80-year-old Paramahamsa Tewari finally received validation for his space generator a super high-efficiency machine that produces power from vacuum.
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The link to the above NEWS article is found at
https://www.collective-evolution.com/2018/01/18/a-man-who-invented-a-real-free-energy-machine-just-passed-away-video-of-machine-in-article/
We also have:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_motion
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The law that entropy always increases, holds, I think, the supreme position among the laws of Nature. If someone points out to you that your pet theory of the universe is in disagreement with Maxwell's equations — then so much the worse for Maxwell's equations. If it is found to be contradicted by observation — well, these experimentalists do bungle things sometimes. But if your theory is found to be against the second law of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation.
— Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington, The Nature of the Physical World (1927)
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Is the Second Law of Thermodynamics really true? We have not found any proof that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is valid. Assertions by experts and examples do not establish the Second Law of Thermodynamics. Even a single counter example establishes that the Second Law of Thermodynamics is just a hypothesis and need not be taken as true.
Second Law of Thermodynamics is broken: New Scientist on July 19, 2002 announced that the -- Second Law of Thermodynamics “broken”.
https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2572-second-law-of-thermodynamics-broken/
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Physicists knew that at atomic scales over very short periods of time, statistical mechanics is pushed beyond its limit, and the second law does not apply. Put another way, situations that break the second law become much more probable.
But the new experiment probed the uncertain middle ground between extremely small-scale systems and macroscopic systems and showed that the second law can also be consistently broken at micron scale, over time periods of up to two seconds.
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The detailed article on “Experimental Demonstration of Violations of the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Small Systems and Short Timescales” could be found at
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b98/29bddbf17d7fdc00a5dcfa7d02ed1e8ea93e.pdf
We have copied Figure 1 from the above PDF below.
The explanation for the above experimental result is quoted now.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6b98/29bddbf17d7fdc00a5dcfa7d02ed1e8ea93e.pdf
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However, in 1993, a resolution and quantitative description of violations of the Second Law in finite systems was given by the Fluctuation Theorem (FT) of Evans et al [2]. The theorem provides an analytic expression for the probability that the dissipative flux flows in the direction reverse to that required by the Second Law of Thermodynamics. In other words, the theorem predicts appreciable and measureable violations of the Second Law for small systems over short timescales. Specifically, the theorem relates the probability, … of observing a phase space trajectory of duration t with entropy production … to that of a trajectory with the same magnitude of entropy change, but where the entropy is consumed or absorbed: … Figure 1 shows the distribution of time-averaged entropy production, … in 540 particle trajectories at times up to two seconds after the start of stage translation.
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Based on the above research we are tempted to say that the Second Law of Thermodynamics need not operate on processes of duration two seconds or less. That brings us to the question of chemical reactions.
Methane reactions: The Steam Methane Reformation might take hours to complete the reformation of one batch of CH4 and steam. The reaction, CH4 + H2O à CO + 3H2, would not by itself take 2 seconds. From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_of_combustion we find the LHV of CH4, CO, and H2 to be 50.009 MJ/Kg; 10.112 MJ/Kg; and 120.971 MJ/Kg. Sixteen Kg of CH4 yields 28 Kg of CO and 6 Kg of H2 while using 18 Kg of H2O. Ignoring the heat content of the steam, the left hand side of the equation has 16 x 50.009 = 800.144 MJ of energy. Twenty eight Kg of CO has 28 x 10.112 = 283.136 MJ and six Kg of Hydrogen has 6 x 120.971 = 725.826 MJ of energy giving a total of 1008.962 MJ. Ignoring the energy in the steam of the left hand side, the right hand side has 1008.962 – 800.144 = 208.818 MJ more energy than the input. We are informed that the ‘heat of reaction’ is 29% of the heat from CH4 and is equal to 0.29 x 800.144 = 232.04176 MJ. However 208.818/800.144 = 25.0977% only. Why should we supply 3.9023% of energy of CH4 more than the amount required to balance the equation and satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics? Is it because more disorder is acceptable?
With respect to producing CH4 from CO2 and H2, Electrochaea uses the following equation.
CO2 + 4H2 à CH4 + 2H2O. Again the energy supplied is 120.971 x 8 = 967.768 MJ whereas the energy of the produced CH4 is only 16 x 50.009 = 800.144 MJ. We have already shown above the temperature of the bioreactor is low and does not correspond to the loss by radiation from the surface of the reactor. Is it possible that some of the Hydrogen supplied does not combine with the expected release of oxygen by the microbe and thus the residual mixture of Hydrogen and Oxygen is left off undetected?
Should bio reactions balance?: The PDF file of a review on “Acetate Metabolism in Anaerobes from the Domain Archaea” gets downloaded through the URL www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/5/2/1454/pdf
The production and consumption of acetate is described in detail in the review paper. Figure 3 of the article describes the production of CH4 and CH3COOH by the microbe Methanogen acetivorans while consuming CO. By aggregating the chemicals entering the cell membrane and exiting the membrane, we find:
8 CO --> CH3COOH + CH4
The above equation is not balanced. The cell has consumed 5 C and 6 O. The cell has supplied 8 H. We believe a number of enzymes might have absorbed the missing atoms and might have contributed the Hydrogen atoms. That is precisely the point: biology is not like inorganic chemistry.
We have learnt that 4 water molecules inside the cell contributed 8 Hydrogen atoms and 4 Oxygen atoms to carry out the following reaction.
8CO + 4H2O --> CH3COOH + CH4 + 5CO2
The above reaction is balanced.
The 5 CO2 molecules are ejected from the cell. To ensure that the CO2 molecules do not reenter the cell, 5 water molecules react with the 5 CO2 molecules to produce 5 HCO3 negatively charged molecules and 5 positively charged Hydrogen atoms as per the following equation:
5CO2 + 5H2O --> 5HCO3(-) + 5H(+)
There are two reactions:
8CO + 4H2O --> CH3COOH + CH4 + 5CO2 inside the cell
5CO2 + 5H2O --> 5HCO3(-) + 5H(+) outside the cell
Combining the two reactions, we get
8CO + 9H2O --> CH3COOH + CH4 + 5HCO3(-) + 5H(+)
In terms of energy, CO gives 10.112 MJ per Kg, and CH4 gives 50.009 MJ per Kg. From https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/standard-heat-of-combustion-energy-content-d_1987.html we find that CH3COOH gives 14.552 MJ per Kg. The energy input is 8 x 28 x 10.112 MJ = 2265.088 MJ. The energy of the output is 60 x 14.552 + 16 x 50.009 + 5 x 120.971 = 873.120 + 800.144 + 604.855 = 2278.119 MJ. The cell and its environment have added 2278.119 – 2265.088 = 13.031 MJ. Where did this additional energy come from? Would this process cause the environment to cool or its temperature would not change? These questions possibly need to be investigated. This reaction indeed violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics.
Figure 4 in the same article is about the consumption of acetic acid. The following equation describes the overall behavior of the cell.
CH3COOH + H2O --> CH4 + HCO3 + H2
The cell contributes the extra Hydrogen atom in the above equation.
Combining the acetate producing and acetate consuming reactions, we have:
8 CO --> CH3COOH + CH4
CH3COOH + H2O --> CH4 + HCO3 + H2
Even though the reactions are expected to occur at different locations, we could envision two interconnected bioreactors wherein the first one produces CH4 and CH3COOH, and the second bioreactor converts the CH3COOH taken from the first bioreactor and added to the second bioreactor to produce CH4, H2, and HCO3. The net effect from both the bioreactors is therefore
8CO + H2O --> 2CH4 + H2 + HCO3
From http://weppi.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/text/HCO3_.pdf we find that the measurements done by the Forum of European Geological Surveys found an average of 126 milli gram of HCO3 per liter of water, while in the waters of the Barents region it was 28 milli grams per liter of water. From http://employee.heartland.edu/rmuench/chem161/solubilityrules.pdf we find that HCO3 it is seen that HCO3 exists in the aqueous form or as solid. We understand that the HCO3 produced by the microbes remain dissolved in water up to a concentration and then precipitate. Accordingly, if we use the microbe Methanogen acetivorans in a bioreactor feeding CH3COOH, the HCO3 would be found as a precipitate and could be removed from the bioreactor. We could not locate the energy content of HCO3 and we ignore the energy from HCO3.
CO gives 10.112 MJ per Kg. CH4 gives 50.009 MJ per Kg. Hydrogen gives 120.971 MJ per Kg. The energy in the left hand side is 8 x 28 x 10.112 = 2265.088 MJ. The energy of 2CH4 is 2 x 16 x 50.009 = 1600.288 MJ. With the energy of H2 being 120.971 x 2 = 241.942 MJ, the energy of the right hand side is 1842.230 MJ.
We propose using the microbe Methanogen acetivorans in two bioreactors. In one we supply CO and collect CH3COOH and CH4. In the other bioreactor we supply CH3COOH and collect CH4 and H2. The only input to the bioreactors is CO.
In the Steam Methane Reforming of CH4 we perform the high temperature operation only performing CH4 + H2O à CO + 3H2; collect the CO from the SMR unit and supplement it with CO produced by partial burning of Carbon or any other method and use in the two bioreactors. To check the sustainability of the combined operation of SMR and the two bioreactors, we use the following equations.
2CH4 + 2H2O --> 2CO + 6H2
2CO + 6CO --> CH3COOH + CH4
CH3COOH + H2O --> CH4 + HCO3 + H2
Cancelling the common terms between the LHS and RHS, we get:
6CO + 3H2O --> 7H2 + HCO3
The energy of LHS is 6 x 28 x 10.112 = 1698.816
The energy of the RHS is 14 x 120.971 = 1693.594
We know that the ‘heat of the reaction’ for the high temperature part of the SMR needs to be supported. In many industries this ‘heat of reaction’ is supplied by the waste heat of the process using the produced Hydrogen. Thus we find that the combined operation seems to be self sustaining.
Forest fire: We are interested in reducing the atmospheric CO2 to the pre-industrial levels as soon as possible. From Figure 1 b of https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03838-0 we estimate the CO2 emissions. We export the figure to the Paint program and measure the required values using the pixel coordinates. The coordinates for 2.0 peta grams per year are (126, 507). The coordinates for 4.0 peta grams per year are (126, 239). The line corresponding to the 1850 level has the second coordinate of 329 and corresponds to 2.0 + 2.0 x (507 – 329)/(507 – 239) = 2.0 + 2.0 x 178/268 = 3.3284 peta grams per year.
On the time line, the coordinates for 1850 are (142, 546). For 2010 the coordinates are (581, 546). The coordinates for the most recent value are (581. 405). The CO2 concentration is 2.0 + 2.0 x (507 – 405)/(507 – 239) = 2.0 + 2.0 x 102/268 = 2.7612 peta grams per year corresponding to 1850 + (2010 – 1850) x (581 – 142)/(581 – 142) corresponding to 2010.
As of now it might have decreased a little bit more.
Forest fires act of God: We quote from http://joannenova.com.au/2015/07/forest-fires-may-produce-as-much-co2-as-half-of-all-fossil-fuels-burned/
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July 7, 2015
Peat deposits can be an extraordinary 20 metres thick. In 1997, a fire consumed 8,000 square kilometers of mostly peatland in Borneo. Researchers estimated 0.2 Gt of carbon were released in this one area that year, and that carbon emissions from fires across Indonesia in 1997 emitted between 0.8 and 2.5 Gt — or “13 to 40%” of the size of global human fossil fuel emissions.[1] Obviously uncertainties are large, but so are the numbers. It all makes the idea of a “carbon market” pretty meaningless: the largest players in this market can’t play and don’t pay. In carbon accounting, fires are “an act of God” (non-anthropogenic), and are considered neutral because the trees will grow back. But humans play a role in fire management and the regrowth…
Other researchers, der Werf et al 2004, looked at fires around the world during the El Nino year and estimated that 2.1 Gt of carbon was released — which explained 66% ± 24% of the extra CO2 emitted globally that year.
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In view of the fact that forest fires accounted for 66% + or – 24% of the extra CO2 emitted globally in 2004, eliminating forest fires would help mankind reduce the atmospheric CO2 to the pre industrial levels soon.
Eliminating forest fire is a service to God: GOD is ONE. As a born revert to Islam [who is a Muslim not because he is born in a Muslim family, but practices Islam after understanding it] I might enjoy the freedom to quote Islamic sources in this section.
Muslims follow the Holy Quran. One whole Chapter of the Holy Quran is dedicated to the oneness of God.
https://www.searchtruth.com/chapter_display.php?chapter=112&translator=2#1
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Yusuf Ali 112:1
Say: He is Allah, the One and Only;
Yusuf Ali 112:2
Allah, the Eternal, Absolute;
Yusuf Ali 112:3
He begetteth not, nor is He begotten;
Yusuf Ali 112:4
And there is none like unto Him.
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Does God admit non-Muslims to His Paradise? Yes, so says Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, to whom the Holy Quran was revealed and who reverted the whole of Arabia to Islam. We quote.
https://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=fire+listened+majesty&search_word=all&translator=1&records_display=10
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The words "fire listened majesty" appear in 1 hadith(s) in Sahih Al-Bukhari صحيح البخاري translation.
Narrated Ma'bad bin Hilal Al'Anzi: We, i.e., some people from Basra gathered and went to Anas bin Malik, and we went in company with Thabit Al-Bunnani so that he might ask him about the Hadith of Intercession on our behalf. Behold, Anas was in his palace, and our arrival coincided with his Duha prayer. We asked permission to enter and he admitted us while he was sitting on his bed. We said to Thabit, "Do not ask him about anything else first but the Hadith of Intercession." He said, "O Abu Hamza! There are your brethren from Basra coming to ask you about the Hadith of Intercession." Anas then said, "Muhammad talked to us saying, 'On the Day of Resurrection the people will surge with each other like waves, and then they will come to Adam and say, 'Please intercede for us with your Lord.' He will say, 'I am not fit for that but you'd better go to Abraham as he is the Khalil of the Beneficent.' They will go to Abraham and he will say, 'I am not fit for that, but you'd better go to Moses as he is the one to whom Allah spoke directly.' So they will go to Moses and he will say, 'I am not fit for that, but you'd better go to Jesus as he is a soul created by Allah and His Word.' (Be: And it was) they will go to Jesus and he will say, 'I am not fit for that, but you'd better go to Muhammad.' They would come to me and I would say, 'I am for that.' Then I will ask for my Lord's permission, and it will be given, and then He will inspire me to praise Him with such praises as I do not know now. So I will praise Him with those praises and will fall down, prostrate before Him. Then it will be said, 'O Muhammad, raise your head and speak, for you will be listened to; and ask, for your will be granted (your request); and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted.' I will say, 'O Lord, my followers! My followers!' And then it will be said, 'Go and take out of Hell (fire) all those who have faith in their hearts, equal to the weight of a barley grain.' I will go and do so and return to praise Him with the same praises, and fall down (prostrate) before Him. Then it will be said, 'O Muhammad, raise your head and speak, for you will be listened to, and ask, for you will be granted (your request); and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted.' I will say, 'O Lord, my followers! My followers!' It will be said, 'Go and take out of it all those who have faith in their hearts equal to the weight of a small ant or a mustard seed.' I will go and do so and return to praise Him with the same praises, and fall down in prostration before Him. It will be said, 'O, Muhammad, raise your head and speak, for you will be listened to, and ask, for you will be granted (your request); and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted.' I will say, 'O Lord, my followers!' Then He will say, 'Go and take out (all those) in whose hearts there is faith even to the lightest, lightest mustard seed. (Take them) out of the fire.' I will go and do so."' When we left Anas, I said to some of my companions, "Let's pass by Al-Hasan who is hiding himself in the house of Abi Khalifa and request him to tell us what Anas bin Malik has told us." So we went to him and we greeted him and he admitted us. We said to him, "O Abu Said! We came to you from your brother Anas Bin Malik and he related to us a Hadith about the intercession the like of which I have never heard." He said, "What is that?" Then we told him of the Hadith and said, "He stopped at this point (of the Hadith)." He said, "What then?" We said, "He did not add anything to that." He said, Anas related the Hadith to me twenty years ago when he was a young fellow. I don't know whether he forgot or if he did not like to let you depend on what he might have said." We said, "O Abu Said ! Let us know that." He smiled and said, "Man was created hasty. I did not mention that, but that I wanted to inform you of it. Anas told me the same as he told you and said that the Prophet added, 'I then return for a fourth time and praise Him similarly and prostrate before Him me the same as he 'O Muhammad, raise your head and speak, for you will be listened to; and ask, for you will be granted (your request): and intercede, for your intercession will be accepted .' I will say, 'O Lord, allow me to intercede for whoever said, 'None has the right to be worshiped except Allah.' Then Allah will say, 'By my Power, and my majesty, and by My Supremacy, and by My Greatness, I will take out of Hell (fire) whoever said: 'None has the right to be worshipped except Allah.' '' (Book #93, Hadith #601)
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How does the quotes about Islam relate to forest management? Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, also said as below:
https://www.searchtruth.com/searchHadith.php?keyword=two+axe&search_word=all&translator=3&records_display=10
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The words "two axe" appear in 1 hadith(s) in Sunan Abu-Dawud سنن أبي داود translation.
Narrated Anas ibn Malik: A man of the Ansar came to the Prophet (peace_be_upon_him) and begged from him. He (the Prophet) asked: Have you nothing in your house? He replied: Yes, a piece of cloth, a part of which we wear and a part of which we spread (on the ground), and a wooden bowl from which we drink water. He said: Bring them to me. He then brought these articles to him and he (the Prophet) took them in his hands and asked: Who will buy these? A man said: I shall buy them for one dirham. He said twice or thrice: Who will offer more than one dirham? A man said: I shall buy them for two dirhams. He gave these to him and took the two dirhams and, giving them to the Ansari, he said: Buy food with one of them and hand it to your family, and buy an axe and bring it to me. He then brought it to him. The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) fixed a handle on it with his own hands and said: Go, gather firewood and sell it, and do not let me see you for a fortnight. The man went away and gathered firewood and sold it. When he had earned ten dirhams, he came to him and bought a garment with some of them and food with the others. The Apostle of Allah (peace_be_upon_him) then said: This is better for you than that begging should come as a spot on your face on the Day of Judgment. Begging is right only for three people: one who is in grinding poverty, one who is seriously in debt, or one who is responsible for compensation and finds it difficult to pay. (Book#9, Hadith #1637)
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From the above we conclude that forest management is a service to God.
Forest management in 21st century: We have established above that using microbes in two bioreactors and feeding CO in the first reactor to collect CH3COOH and CH4; and feeding CH3COOH in the second reactor helps in generating Hydrogen. As emissions from forest fires are comparable to the emissions from fossil fuels, produce Hydrogen while maintaining the forests so that there would be no forest fires in the future. We hope bioreactors would be set up near the edges of the forests and the forests would be cleared of dead vegetation between the trees so that forest fires become rare. We further hope that the Hydrogen produced from the CH4 of the bioreactors and from the second bioreactor would be ysed to establish the ‘Hydrogen Economy’ soon. As we produce more and more Hydrogen, the use of fossil fuels would decrease and be eventually eliminated.
Conclusion: It is possible to use the microbe Methanogen acetivorans in bioreactors and the high temperature part of the SMR such that starting with the required CH4 the process of producing Hydrogen is self sustaining, subject to supply of renewable CO. Using agricultural waste or forest waste to produce the required CO is feasible. The detailed design of this Hydrogen generator is left to enterprising industrialists to design, patent, and exploit.
We hope to monitor the future and we might design the system for public domain if we do not see patent oriented activity.
Should Electrochaea close shop as the storage of stranded power could be easily performed by using the process of the company Hydrogenious Technologies of Erlangen Germany? We hope Electrochaea would redesign their bioreactor if necessary and produce CH4 following CO2 + 2H2 --> CH4 + O2.
The earlier posts in this series are:
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/07/25/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-1
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/02/Hydrogen-Economy-2
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/06/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-3
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/07/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-4
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https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/08/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-6
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/09/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-7
https://mohideenibramsha7.wixsite.com/website/single-post/2018/08/09/Hydrogen-Economy-Now-8