No human colony beyond earth; mankind cannot grow outside earth
GOD [Allah Subhana Wa Taala] Decreed that mankind would live on earth and would be taken out of the earth on the Day of Judgment.
https://www.searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=earth+down+dwelling&search=1&start=0&chapter=&records_display=10&translator=2&search_word=all
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(1) Then did Satan make them slip from the (garden), and get them out of the state (of felicity) in which they had been. We said: "Get ye down, all (ye people), with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood - for a time." (سورة البقرة, Al-Baqara, Chapter #2, Verse #36)
(2) (Allah) said: "Get ye down. With enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood,- for a time." (سورة الأعراف, Al-A'raaf, Chapter #7, Verse #24)
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GOD [Allah] clearly declares in the above Verses that mankind would live on earth for a time as decided by Him.
Still we have a number of governments supporting space travel aimed at maintaining human colonies on moon, Mars, and other space objects. Such actions are due to the mischief of Satan as is evident from Verses 11 to 27 of Chapter 7 of the Holy Quran.
For immediate reference, we give the translation by Abdullah Yusuf Ali below.
https://www.searchtruth.com/chapter_display_all.php?chapter=7&from_verse=11&to_verse=27&mac=&translation_setting=1&show_transliteration=1&show_yusufali=1&show_shakir=1&show_pickthal=1&show_mkhan=1&show_saheeh=1
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Yusuf Ali 7:11
It is We Who created you and gave you shape; then We bade the angels prostrate to Adam, and they prostrate; not so Iblis; He refused to be of those who prostrate.
Yusuf Ali 7:12
(Allah) said: "What prevented thee from prostrating when I commanded thee?" He said: "I am better than he: Thou didst create me from fire, and him from clay."
Yusuf Ali 7:13
(Allah) said: "Get thee down from this: it is not for thee to be arrogant here: get out, for thou art of the meanest (of creatures)."
Yusuf Ali 7:14
He said: "Give me respite till the day they are raised up."
Yusuf Ali 7:15
(Allah) said: "Be thou among those who have respite."
Yusuf Ali 7:16
He said: "Because thou hast thrown me out of the way, lo! I will lie in wait for them on thy straight way:
Yusuf Ali 7:17
"Then will I assault them from before them and behind them, from their right and their left: Nor wilt thou find, in most of them, gratitude (for thy mercies)."
Yusuf Ali 7:18
(Allah) said: "Get out from this, disgraced and expelled. If any of them follow thee,- Hell will I fill with you all.
Yusuf Ali 7:19
"O Adam! dwell thou and thy wife in the Garden, and enjoy (its good things) as ye wish: but approach not this tree, or ye run into harm and transgression."
Yusuf Ali 7:20
Then began Satan to whisper suggestions to them, bringing openly before their minds all their shame that was hidden from them (before): he said: "Your Lord only forbade you this tree, lest ye should become angels or such beings as live for ever."
Yusuf Ali 7:21
And he swore to them both, that he was their sincere adviser.
Yusuf Ali 7:22
So by deceit he brought about their fall: when they tasted of the tree, their shame became manifest to them, and they began to sew together the leaves of the garden over their bodies. And their Lord called unto them: "Did I not forbid you that tree, and tell you that Satan was an avowed enemy unto you?"
Yusuf Ali 7:23
They said: "Our Lord! We have wronged our own souls: If thou forgive us not and bestow not upon us Thy Mercy, we shall certainly be lost."
Yusuf Ali 7:24
(Allah) said: "Get ye down. With enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood,- for a time."
Yusuf Ali 7:25
He said: "Therein shall ye live, and therein shall ye die; but from it shall ye be taken out (at last)."
Yusuf Ali 7:26
O ye Children of Adam! We have bestowed raiment upon you to cover your shame, as well as to be an adornment to you. But the raiment of righteousness,- that is the best. Such are among the Signs of Allah, that they may receive admonition!
Yusuf Ali 7:27
O ye Children of Adam! Let not Satan seduce you, in the same manner as He got your parents out of the Garden, stripping them of their raiment, to expose their shame: for he and his tribe watch you from a position where ye cannot see them: We made the evil ones friends (only) to those without faith.
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As Prophet Adam, peace be upon him, and Mother Eve, Allah be pleased with her, were seduced by Satan from the Divine raiment given to them by Allah to cover their shame, now Satan is seducing mankind to eliminate the protection given to mankind from the Cosmic Radiation and Zero Gravity by Allah through research and development aimed at setting up space colonies.
Dangers of Cosmic Radiation: Earth has ozone layer that filters the cosmic radiation. If desired we could create a ozone buffer around a desired space to be kept above the natural ozone layer and the desired space also would be protected from cosmic radiation. There are other materials also that shield cosmic radiation. The International Space Station is very well protected from cosmic radiation as inferred from the following quote.
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/1043.html
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Terrestrial radiation guidelines are considered too restrictive for space activities. For space flight activities, NASA has adopted the recommendations of the National Council on Radiation Protection. Based on the Council’s recommendations, NASA has established career limits for ISS crewmembers’ exposure to space radiation. Specifically, the Agency limits individual risk to 3 percent Risk of Exposure-Induced Death (REID) from cancer. The acknowledged risk for the population at large of developing and dying of cancer is 20 out of every 100 people. NASA requires that the increased risks due to space radiation exposure for astronauts will not be more than 3 percent above the estimate for the general population, or no more than 23 out of every 100 people. Each year, a NASA Radiation Specialist generates the Astronaut’s Annual Radiation Exposure Report, which tracks career exposures of astronauts.
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What happens if there are no shields?
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/91.html
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Astronauts are subject to radiation doses 1000 times higher in space compared to radiation doses on Earth.
ALTCRISS will measure cosmic rays and the radiation environment on board the ISS and study the effectiveness of different shielding materials on board the ISS.
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Since astronauts stay months inside the ISS we understand that the ISS shields them very well. Thus the exposure to cosmic radiation inside the ISS is possibly slightly more than the exposure on the surface of the earth.
Could pregnancy occur in space? It is natural to experiment with non-human life before we attempt human pregnancy in space.
We are told that cosmic radiation affects the sperm only marginally. Quoting, we have:
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/893.html
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ISS Science for Everyone
Science Objectives for Everyone Space Pup represents the first step towards studying the effects of space radiation on mammalian reproduction, which must be understood to sustain life beyond Earth. This starts by holding freeze-dried mouse sperm aboard the International Space Station for one, 12, and 24 months, and then fertilizing mouse eggs on Earth to produce mouse pups to study the effects of space radiation.
Science Results for Everyone Where do babies come from? Someday they may come from space! Freeze-dried mouse sperm flown aboard the space station showed no overall difference in structure and only slightly increased DNA damage compared to controls kept on the ground. In-vitro fertilization with space-flown and control sperm resulted in similar birthrates and, when some of the resulting pups were mated after reaching adulthood, this second generation showed normal gene expression profiles. These findings demonstrate that damage to DNA from space radiation did not affect production of viable offspring, suggesting that sperm DNA damage was decreased or repaired after fertilization; at least after 9 months of preservation on the International Space Station.
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Where was the freeze-dried mouse sperm kept? Were they exposed to 1000 times the cosmic radiation at the surface of the earth? No, they were kept inside the ISS which is shielded from cosmic radiation.
When we consider space travel, it could be expected that the inside of the occupant space would be protected from cosmic radiation as the inside of the ISS. What about space colonies? Could we expect the habitats in the space colonies also to be equally protected? We expect not.
Thus the above claim that cosmic radiation does not affect life is misleading possibly as misleading as the statement of Iblis to Prophet Adam, peace be upon him, and Mother Eve, Allah be pleased with her that the forbidden tree would make them immortals.
Dangers of reduced gravity: The gravity on Mars is less than that of earth.
https://www.universetoday.com/14859/gravity-on-mars/
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Mars has a mass of 6.4171 x 1023 kg, which is 0.107 times the mass of Earth. It also has a mean radius of 3,389.5 km, which works out to 0.532 Earth radii. The surface gravity of Mars can therefore be expressed mathematically as: 0.107/0.532², from which we get the value of 0.376.
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The gravity on moon is still less.
http://www.differencebetween.info/difference-between-earth-and-moon-gravity
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The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Moon is 1.62 m/s2, about 16.6% of that on the Earth's surface.
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Of course gravity in ISS is virtually zero. Astronauts have lived for many months in ISS just with marginal health problems. So we could postulate that colonists on moon or Mars could live at least as long as the astronauts in ISS with possibly reduced health problems.
Thus we have no concerns about mankind mining the moon or Mars and bringing the mined resources to earth and enhancing the quality of life on earth. These space miners would work in space mines for durations short enough so that their health does not deteriorate beyond recovery back on earth.
Could the space miners live in space and raise their families?
On earth mankind started with just one male and one female and has grown to billions. Could mankind settle permanently on moon or Mars and grow?
Travel to moon is a matter of days.
http://coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu/ask/174-How-long-does-it-take-to-travel-to-the-Moon-
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It takes about 3 days for a spacecraft to reach the Moon.
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We believe that a pregnant lady could take a round trip to the moon and back and her child might not suffer any damage. Whether it would be so or not could easily be tested on earth by the pregnant lady living in micro gravity for a week easily.
However travel to Mars and back by a pregnant lady is fraught with risks. The minimum time to reach Mars was by Viking 1 which took 304 days in 1975 as found in https://www.space.com/24701-how-long-does-it-take-to-get-to-mars.html
Thus the pregnancy takes place virtually in zero gravity. Would such pregnancy succeed?
https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/893.html
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Research Overview
Sustaining life beyond Earth orbit will require a clear understanding of how the environment in space affects key phases of mammalian reproduction. Recently, a study was done on mammalian fertilization and preimplantation development under simulated microgravity (simulated μG) using three-dimensional (3D) clinostat conditions. Although fertilization occurred normally in vitro under simulated μG, the offspring birth rate was significantly lower than the 1G controls due to the poor development of placental cells. This suggests that mammalian species may have difficulty reproducing in space, and highlights the importance of performing experiments in actual, rather than simulated, space conditions in order to verify these results.
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Already nature has sounded the alarm: under micro gravity there was poor development of placental cells. Cells need normal gravity for proper development. We consider the following also.
http://www.businessinsider.com/space-born-animals-adjust-to-gravity-2013-10
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In 2007 Jeffrey Alberts worked with NASA to study how spending the last week of gestation in space would affect newborn rats. Alberts found that rats who spent a week in the womb with zero gravity couldn't tell up from down when they were first born.
The baby rats were unable to flip themselves right side up when they were dropped in water, but eventually recovered a normal sense of gravity.
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Even one week during pregnancy causes trouble, trouble which could be overcome. What happens if full pregnancy was in zero gravity?
http://www.businessinsider.com/space-born-animals-adjust-to-gravity-2013-10
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Even though they don't have legs and live in the ocean, jellyfish are sensitive to gravity just like humans. So scientists bred jellyfish — a species appropriately named moon jellyfish — in space and brought their babies back to Earth to see how they fared. The 1994 experiment was detailed in a study published in Advances in Space Research.
Jellyfish are full of graviceptors — small crystals of calcium sulfate stored in pockets surrounded by sensitive hair cells. When a jellyfish changes direction, the crystals respond to gravity and roll around to the bottom of these pockets and signal the hair cells which way is up.
Of course gravity has to be present for these crystals to work.
When they baby jellies returned to Earth, they had a hard time getting around. The space jellyfish had more trouble orienting themselves and moving around than their Earth-born relatives.
Their gaviceptors seemed to look normal, so the researchers think there must be some way in which they were calibrated wrong, or were connected to the jellie's nervous system incorrectly.
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Gravity seems to act on matter differently depending on the size of the particles. In the atmosphere there are gases of different molecular weight. Still it is found that the Brownian motion due to heat is stronger than gravitational motion and thus eventually all gases spread uniformly inside a vessel in which they are kept.
Such an effect was found inside the cell nucleus also.
https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/10/q-why-do-animal-cells-stay-so-small-a-gravity/280912/
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In microbiology, "we really have never, in my experience, worried about gravity—or thought about it," Brangwynne told me.
Brangwynne's work, published in Nature Cell Biology, may change that. And it may offer, as well, an answer to a longstanding mystery about where that line may be drawn: At what point, exactly, does gravity stop mattering to matter?
Brangwynne came to his findings with the help of some fairly ingenious technology. He also came to them somewhat unexpectedly. His previous work had shown that certain large particles within cells act essentially like water droplets, merging as they contact each other. In cells' nuclei, however, something seemed to be keeping them from fusing. To follow up on that observation, Brangwynne and his co-author, graduate student Marina Feric, studied egg cells of the African clawed frog, which are, like other eggs, anomalous in that they can reach sizes of 1 millimeter in diameter. The pair were studying, in particular, how the eggs are engineered: They wanted to explore why the nuclei of those larger cells contain, compared to smaller cells, a significantly higher concentration of actin, the protein that forms microfilaments in eukaryotes.
To do that, they turned to engineering of a more mechanical variety: microrheology, a technique that allows for the examination of viscosity within cells. They first tested whether the nuclei had a kind of mesh scaffolding that would allow smaller particles to move through the mesh but cause larger particles to get trapped—which would explain why those nuclei wouldn't fuse. Feric injected the frog egg nuclei with microscopic, Teflon-like beads of varying sizes. She then used microscopic imaging to observe the results. As she and Brangwynne predicted, the small beads diffused throughout the nucleus ("we watched them, basically, dance around," Brangwynne puts it) while the larger ones got stuck. A scaffold did, as they suspected, seem to be in place in the larger cells.
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The published work is found at
https://www.nature.com/articles/ncb2830
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A nuclear F-actin scaffold stabilizes ribonucleoprotein droplets against gravity in large cells
Abstract
The size of a typical eukaryotic cell is of the order of ∼10 μm. However, some cell types grow to very large sizes, including oocytes (immature eggs) of organisms from humans to starfish. For example, oocytes of the frog Xenopus laevis grow to a diameter ≥1 mm. They have a correspondingly large nucleus (germinal vesicle) of ∼450 μm in diameter, which is similar to smaller somatic nuclei, but contains a significantly higher concentration of actin. The form and structure of this nuclear actin remain controversial, and its potential mechanical role within these large nuclei is unknown. Here, we use a microrheology and quantitative imaging approach to show that germinal vesicles contain an elastic F-actin scaffold that mechanically stabilizes these large nuclei against gravitational forces, which are usually considered negligible within cells. We find that on actin disruption, ribonucleoprotein droplets, including nucleoli and histone locus bodies, undergo gravitational sedimentation and fusion. We develop a model that reveals how gravity becomes an increasingly potent force as cells and their nuclei grow larger than∼10 μm, explaining the requirement for a stabilizing nuclear F-actin scaffold in large Xenopus oocytes. All life forms are subject to gravity, and our results may have broad implications for cell growth and size control.
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From the above abstract itself we find that gravity acts on all forms of life. The article has a number of figures that are open access. Figure 5 captioned ‘Cell size, organelle scaling and gravity’ has four pictures. We consider the picture d found in the link given below.
https://media.springernature.com/m685/nature-assets/ncb/journal/v15/n10/images/ncb2830-f5.jpg
Gravity dominates even on cells with nuclear diameter of about 7 microns. The actin scaffold is found from about 40 micron diameter as indicated by the line close to the X axis in the above figure. From the figure we find that some cell nuclei are dominated by gravity while some are not. It is possible that for those nuclei subject to gravity the actin scaffold is not present indicating the possibility that the position of the nucleus within the cell does not affect the function of the cell. Thus for those cells with actin scaffold we infer that the position of the nucleus inside the cell is important for it to maintain its function.
How do the eggs of the African Clawed Frog compare with other cells?
http://education.seattlepi.com/size-comparisons-bacteria-amoeba-animal-plant-cells-4966.html
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Eggs are another example of unusually large single cells. An ostrich egg cell is roughly 6 inches long; a human egg cell is 100 microns. Egg cells serve to store nutrients and don't need to carry out active metabolism.
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The eggs of African Clawed Frog are 1 mm in diameter and thus ten times larger than the human egg cell.
In the 2007 experiment involving pregnant rats in space during the last week of pregnancy, the new born baby rats could not differentiate between up and down initially but recovered later. Thus the effect of gravity on the pregnancy of rats could be considered to be negligible. We find that the rat egg is found to be 72.3 microns at maturity from Figure 4 of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1413548/
compared to 120 micron of the human egg.
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/all-other-pets/rats/breeding-and-reproduction-of-rats
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Rats reach sexual maturity at about 4 to 5 weeks of age. From this age onward, females and males should be housed separately. The average gestation time is 21 to 23 days for rats, and pregnancy is sometimes detectable at about 2 weeks by feeling the abdomen or noticing weight gain or mammary (breast) development.
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Thus the last week of pregnancy in zero gravity for rates corresponds to about 35% of gestation. Could a pregnant woman be in zero gravity for the last 3 months of pregnancy and still hope that the new born would become normal on return to earth?
The eggs of rats are smaller compared to human. Could the larger size of the human egg suffer irrecoverable defects in the new born baby under reduced gravity? Fromhttps://www.mpibpc.mpg.de/15816934/11_MPIbpcNews_November_2017.pdf we find that actins in human and other mammalian eggs protect against chromosome segregation errors. It is possible that lack of gravity might not affect fertilization.
What about the growth of the baby in the womb under reduced gravity? For one, the lungs might not develop properly.
https://www.princeton.edu/news/2018/01/22/under-pressure-forces-fluid-developing-lung-play-essential-role-organ-development
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Working with mouse tissue, the research team discovered that fluid pressure felt by embryonic lungs helps control the rate of development of the organ. This pressure coordinates the contraction of the smooth muscles girding the airways, which in turn spurs the sprouting of new branches throughout the fledgling lung. … “Our study shows that the pressure of the fluid within the developing lung regulates the organ’s rate of development,” said Celeste Nelson, a professor of chemical and biological engineering at Princeton … Nelson’s lab is at the forefront of articulating a novel paradigm in biology in which physical forces — and not just hardwired genes running a closed developmental program — fundamentally contribute to forming complex structure. “Genes provide a blueprint for development of cells and tissues,” said Nelson. “But these biological structures must still obey the laws of physics.” … The setup allowed for differing pressures to be felt by the lung tissue, based on the amount of fluid pumped into the top and bottom chambers. The situation is much the same in a living mouse embryo. In the embryo, certain cells in the lung secrete fluid, creating an internal pressure within the organ against the pressure inside the rest of the embryo’s chest cavity. … “The relative difference in pressure between the inside and outside of the lung is the feature that controls its rate of development,” said Pang.
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The development of the lung of a baby in the mother’s womb is dependent on the pressure felt by the emerging lung tissue. When the gravity decreases or is absent altogether, the development of the lung would suffer. Thus even though pregnancy might occur out of earth, delivery of a healthy child when the mother is in space travel or in the moon or in Mars is suspect. Thus we are tempted to conclude that mankind cannot grow outside earth under reduced gravity.
Since gravity is important and as mankind has grown under earth’s gravity, if there are planets with gravity close to that of earth, mankind could establish colonies on such planets. Recent research has identified two such planets.
http://www.newsweek.com/climate-exoplanet-earth-seasons-1000868
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6/29/18
Two exoplanets in the habitable zones of their stars probably have stable climates and regular seasons, scientists have discovered. One of them, astronomers believe, is roughly the size of Earth.
In simulations studied by Georgia Tech and Harvard University researchers, both Kepler-186f and Kepler-62f appear to tilt steadily on their axis like Earth. Both planets, scientists think, are relatively good candidates for life.
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We extract important facts about these exoplanets.
https://www.solarsystemquick.com/universe/kepler-186f.htm
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Red dwarfs emit far less energy than the sun, as a result Kepler 186f only receives about a third of the sunlight we receive on Earth.
Kepler 186f may be tidally locked with one side of the planet always facing its star and the other in constant darkness.
The force of gravity on Kepler 186f could be very similar to Earth's.
The Kepler 186 system is located around 500 light years from Earth.
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https://www.solarsystemquick.com/universe/kepler-62f.htm
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Kepler 62f is 1,200 light years from Earth.
With a radius of only 1.4 times greater than that of Earth Kepler 62f is one of the smallest planets yet to be discovered in the habitable zone.
With such a small radius it is highly possible Kepler 62f is a rocky world like Earth.
If Kepler 62f is a rocky world its gravity would be similar to that of Earth.
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Both the exoplanets could support human colonies. Unfortunately they are so far away, they are beyond the reach of mankind’s current space technology.
Let us check whether Allah [God] gives us some help with respect to establishing colonies outside earth.
https://www.searchtruth.com/search.php?keyword=creation+renewed&search=1&start=0&chapter=&records_display=10&translator=2&search_word=all
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(1) If thou dost marvel (at their want of faith), strange is their saying: "When we are (actually) dust, shall we indeed then be in a creation renewed?" They are those who deny their Lord! They are those round whose necks will be yokes (of servitude): they will be Companions of the Fire, to dwell therein (for aye)! (سورة الرعد, Ar-Ra'd, Chapter #13, Verse #5)
(2) And they say: "What! when we lie, hidden and lost, in the earth, shall we indeed be in a creation renewed? Nay, they deny the Meeting with their Lord. (سورة السجدة, As-Sajda, Chapter #32, Verse #10)
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Conclusion: Mankind must abandon hopes of establishing colonies beyond earth. Mankind should reject the temptations by Iblis to rebel against Allah [God]. From the above analysis, we find that mankind could establish mines in moon, Mars and elsewhere in space; mine the elements of need from outside the earth; bring them to earth and produce items of use; and live happily on earth until the Day of Judgment.